OPTIMIZING YOUR DIAMOND BLADE 

CUTTING OPERATION

There are many variables that affect diamond blade performance. Understanding these variables will help the end user select the right diamond blade specification for their application and optimize their cutting operation to ultimate level of efficiency. The objective of this article is to show the end user that each variable of the diamond sawing process is only one of the many components of a larger diamond sawing system (equation). Changing one component or variable of diamond sawing process cannot create efficiency alone. Only when all components of the system added together can desired outcome be achieved. Just like a mathematic equation,  it takes only one incorrectly select variable/component to affect all other properly selected variables. Making the entire diamond sawing equation/system incorrect or inefficient. Many end users approach their diamond sawing application uninformed or misled.

Errors are made in the set up phase and critical steps are skipped. When problems do surface, most rush to treat a symptom rather than the cause. Frustration leads them attribute their problems to diamond cutting blade being used. What some customers refer to as serious problem for example, may be resolved by something as simple as changing pressure or direction of coolant flow. The solution can be as easy as changing mounting method, RPM’s, or educating customer about need to dress blade. Selecting the right combination of these variables for a specific material / application is both an art and science that often takes years to master. Information presented in this article is not based on R & D, but primarily on many years of process optimization experience.

DIAMOND BLADE SELECTION – (Selecting the Right Diamond Blade for your Application)

 Each diamond blade application exhibits similar characteristics, whether its in specification or performance. Below is a list of the most important characteristics/parameters obtained from years of experience.

Table 1

BASIC APPLICATION PARAMETERS

These parameters will play a major role in diamond blade performance. For the diamond blade manufacturer to recommend the right blade for your application. It is critical that the customer provide as much application information as possible. The first step in this process is to consider the properties of the material to be cut and to match diamond blade properties to this material. Table 2 shows a general matching of three basic blade properties to three basic material properties.

Common non metallic materials cut with diamond blades vary from hard, dense products like high alumina to loosely bonded, highly abrasive products like concrete block. No attempt is made to list specific diamond mesh sizes, concentrations or bond hardness to cut these materials. This information is to be used just as a guide in selecting diamond blade specifications.

Table 2 indicates that hard metal bonds are selected for highly abrasive material. Although physical prosperities are of primary importance in selecting blade properties, chemical properties can also play an important part. With refractory materials, for instance a high alumina content usually indicates that the material will be dense and hard requiring softer bond types and finder diamond mesh sizes.

Table 2

Matching Basic Blade Properties to Material Properties

The second step in the blade selection process is to consider the effects of operating conditions on the diamond blade. Table 3 shows these anticipated effects.

 An operating condition which causes a diamond blade to have shorter life and a faster cutting rate is said to make the blade act softer.

A blade with longer life and slower cutting rate is harder acting blade (harder cutting action). Having tentatively selected a combination of blade materials from the material properties guidelines in Table 2 a change in diamond blade materials is made if there is a specific operation condition which will affect diamond blade hardness as shown on Table 3.

Table 3

Effect of Operating Conditions on Blade Actions

The third and final step in the blade selection process is the consideration of the customers stated blade preference, if any. Cutting rate (speed) and blade life are the primary measurements most customers are concerned with. Usually high cutting speeds reduce labor costs and high blade life reduces blade costs. There is an inverse relationship between blade life and cutting rate. as blade life increases, cutting rate deceases. The most common customer preference is for a diamond blade which will provide both longer life and a faster cutting speed. It is the job of the diamond

blade manufacturer to evaluate which is more important to the customer, blade life or cutting speed and then to adjust blade specification selection accordingly

If blade cost is the most important customer consideration

Initial cost of a diamond blade is primarily dependent on diamond content (concentration). A popular misconception among end users is that diamond content (concentration) and performance are directly proportional. However this is not the cause. In practice, there is an optimum number of diamond particles of a specific diamond mesh size in a specific bond which will produce optimum performance for a specific application. On many applications lower cutting costs are obtained user lower rather than higher diamond concentrations which, in some cases will not cut at all. For this purpose the customer should be concerned with performance, not diamonds.

What application parameters are the most significant in making application decisions? In general, the most important factor is the type of material being cut. Manufacturers recommended stock specifications have been developed to cut specific materials under average operating conditions where no specific customer preference has been expressed.

For example soft diamond bond, with coarse diamond size and high diamond grade has been found to provide optimum performance on most alumina cutting applications.

This specification was developed as a result of many laboratory and field tests of various diamond blade specifications cutting same material. However when this specification does not provide optimum performance, specifications changes are made following the general guidelines presented in Table 2 and Table 3.

OPTIMIZING BLADE PERFORMANCE

For a any set of application conditions there is a combination of diamonds and bond which will produce optimum diamond blade performance. Finding that combinations depends on

1. the customers knowledge and ability to communicate initial application conditions, blade performance results and operating conditions changes
2. application engineers knowledge and ability to interpret those results and take appropriate action.

Except on most common applications, a successful initial blade tests is rare. In many cases it may take several attempts and adjustments on both part of customer and diamond blade manufacturer to come to optimum solution.

APPLICATION RULES

Blade performance is adjusted by changing blade materials, but it can also be adjusted by changing operating conditions. Information presented in Table 2 and Table 3 implies certain application rules. Table 4 summarizes these rules showing the effect of changing either blade materials or operating conditions, holding all other variable constant.

1. Increasing diamond concentration causes a blade to act harder because there are more diamond particles in contact with the material which reduces the unit pressure per diamond particle and the grain penetration depth.

2.  Increase diamond mesh size cause softer blade action because the fewer diamond particles are subjected to higher unit pressures.

3. Increased bond hardness’s make a blade act harder because of increased diamond holding capacity and abrasion resistance.

4. Increase machine operating speeds (RPM’S) make a blade act harder because each diamond particle is in contact with the material being cut for a shorter time period reducing grain penetration and removing less material per diamond particle per blade revolution.

5. Increased infeed rates cause a blade to act softer because the increased unit pressure causes each diamond particle to do more work per blade revolution. Some diamond particles may be prematurely pulled out of the blade because of increased pressure.

6. Increased horsepower causes a blade to break down faster because of premature pull out of diamond particles caused by higher cutting pressures. Stated another way, higher horsepower applications allow the use of harder bonds with hold the diamond particles longer because dull diamond particles cut better at high rather than at low horsepower ratings.

7. An increased coolant volume aids cutting swarf removal which reduces the amount of wear on the bond making the blade act harder

8. Increased blade cutting depths cause a blade to act harder because the increased contact area reduces the pressure per unit particle and the grain penetration depth

These are the few important rules which guide the diamond blade manufacturer and customer in changing blade elements or operating conditions to optimize blade performance

Table 4

APPLICATION RULES

Nevertheless there are frequently exceptions. For example beyond optimum point O, blade life decreases with increased concentration. This may occur because the harder acting blades require dressing to maintain a satisfactory cutting action, or increased infeed pressures may have to be used to maintain satisfactory cutting rates.

Increased diamond size beyond optimum point O cause a blade to act harder because the coarser particles do not penetrate a very hard material. There is a complex relationship between the number of diamond particles in a blade and the contact area of a single diamond particle. For example a change from 20/30 mesh diamond to 30/40 mesh diamond at the same concentration level provides approximately three times as many diamond particles but reduces the individual particle contact area by approximately  one third. It is common to expect harder bonds to produce longer blade life.

One theory that supports the contradiction beyond optimum point O is that harder bonds are more brittle and start to break away rather than wear away, This causes shorter blade life

Other changes in diamond blade materials or operating conditions which make a blade act harder will produce similar effects. Contradictions beyond optimum hardness’s can be explained with similar theories. The accuracy of these theories is not important when considering the blade selection process. 

VARIATION

Variation is a critical factor which further complicates the blade selection process. Some degree of variation is fairly common and is to be expected involving most aspects of diamond blade usage, raw material composition, operating conditions and etc.

Some sources of variation diamond blade applications:

Table 5

1. Diamond Blade

Diamonds

• Origin

• Friability

• Hardness

• Internal Structure

• Processing

• Sizing

• Ovalizing

• Tabling

• Sorting

• Grinding

Powdered Metal

• Particle Sizes

• Particle Size Distribution

• Physical Properties

• Chemical Properties

• Flow Rate

Processing

• Weighing

• Mixing

• Pressing Pressure

• Processing Temperatures

• Finished Dimensions

• Tensioning

• Core Quality

• Hardness

1. Machine Operating Condition

Machine

• Speed

• Feed

• Horsepower

• Type